Ceramic composite

ABSTRACT

A ceramic composite material, for example, a ceramic molded body or a layer obtained by pyrolysis of a starting mixture, containing at least one polymer precursor material and at least one filler, which has an average particle size of less than 200 nm. Such a composite material may be used, for example, for producing fibers, filters, catalyst support materials, ceramic sheathed-element glow plugs, metal-containing reactive composite materials, porous protective shells for sensors, ceramic or partially ceramic coatings or microstructured ceramic components.

[0001] The present invention relates to a ceramic composite material, in particular a ceramic molded body or a layer as well as its use according to the preamble of the main claim.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

[0002] European Patent 0 412 428 B1 describes a ceramic composite body and a method of producing same, where an organosilicon polymer as a precursor material together with incorporated particles of hard material and/or other reinforcing components as well as one or more metallic fillers is subjected to pyrolysis. In pyrolysis, the decomposition products formed from the polymer compounds react with the metallic filler, ultimately resulting in a ceramic composite body having a matrix with particles of hard material and/or the reinforcing components embedded in it.

[0003] In particular, carbides or nitrides of titanium, zirconium or other transition metals may be used as the hard material particles or reinforcing components according to European Patent 0 412 428 B1, the typical particle sizes of the powder particles used being in the range of approx. 1 μm to approx. 300 μm.

[0004] The matrix formed from the organosilicon polymer after pyrolysis is a monophase or polyphase, amorphous, partially crystalline or crystalline matrix of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide or mixtures thereof.

[0005] In addition to microscale powder materials, nanoscale powder materials have also become increasingly available in recent times; these are single-phase or polyphase powders having particle sizes in the nanometer range. Because of their extremely small particle dimensions, they are characterized by a very high proportion of particle boundaries or phase boundaries per volume. In addition, the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of such nanoscale powders also differ significantly from those of conventional coarse-grained materials having the same chemical composition. This is manifested in particular in greater hardness, increased diffusivity and increased specific heat.

[0006] Nanoscale powdered materials are usually produced by flame pyrolysis, gas condensation, spray conversion or crystallization of amorphous substances, but industrial production has advanced to the greatest extent in the case of zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and aluminum oxide.

[0007] The properties of ceramic composite materials having microscale fillers have in the past been determined to a great extent by the properties of the fillers. Thus, local stress peaks or cracks may occur in the composite material when the properties of the matrix and fillers differ, e.g., different coefficients of thermal expansion, and this ultimately results in an increased failure rate of such components.

[0008] On the other hand, when using reactive microscale fillers according to European Patent 0 412 428 B1, the effect of which is based on reaction of the fillers with the ambient matrix, usually only an incomplete reactive conversion of filler is achieved in the edge area of the filler grains.

[0009] The object of the present invention is to provide a ceramic composite material which is suitable in particular for production of ceramic molded bodies or layers and with which the profile of electrical and physical properties is adjustable easily and at the same time reliably. In particular, the object of the present invention was to provide a ceramic composite material whose electric properties, porosity, high-temperature stability, mechanical strength, i.e., fracture toughness and homogeneity are improved significantly in comparison with the related art.

ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The ceramic composite material according to the present invention has the advantage over the related art that the profile of electrical and physical properties of the ceramic composite material obtained after pyrolysis is easily adapted to a profile of properties that is predetermined for the respective application, i.e., the composition of the composite material may be tailored to this profile of properties. In particular, the large selection of fillers that may be used makes it possible to vary or adjust the properties of the resulting ceramic composite materials over a wide spectrum.

[0011] In addition, the ceramic composite material according to the present invention has the advantage that because of the small particle size of the reactive filler used, it is possible to lower the process temperatures and shorten the process times required for a complete reaction in comparison with the related art, so that with the process temperatures required in the past, liquid or volatile fillers are still solid and thus may be used at the pyrolysis and sintering temperatures which are now conventionally used. Furthermore, unwanted phase reactions which would otherwise occur at higher temperatures, i.e., reactions between the matrix and filler, may be avoided by using reduced process temperatures.

[0012] One particular advantage of the composite material according to the present invention is also the fact that the porosity of the composite material is now adjustable in a defined manner with the help of the fillers used, the combination of a suitable nanoscale filler with defined pyrolysis conditions thus allowing the production of both highly porous composite materials and dense composite materials simply by varying the pyrolysis conditions while otherwise using the same polymer precursor material, i.e., the same starting mixture.

[0013] Porous ceramic composite materials according to the present invention also have a very good spalling resistance and offer interesting applications as lightweight structural materials, as porous protective shells for sensors, as filters, as catalyst support materials or as a matrix for infiltrated reactive composite materials, while the high-density ceramic composite materials according to the present invention have an increased mechanical strength, improved fracture toughness and improved corrosion resistance.

[0014] In production of the ceramic composite material, it is also advantageous that known shaping and production methods may be used, so that even ceramic fibers, layers and molded bodies of different sizes or having a complex geometry are readily obtainable, thus opening up a broad spectrum of applications for the composite material according to the present invention. In particular, compression molding, injection molding, joining and fiber extrusion are advantageous shaping methods that may be used. With regard to the production method used, pyrolysis under a protective gas and laser pyrolysis are especially advantageous.

[0015] In this connection it should also be pointed out that a particularly simple and reliable control or adjustability of the flow properties and pourability of the starting mixture are achieved through the type and quantity of nanoscale filler used. This is also equally true of the process parameters in powder transport, in cold molding, in injection molding, in spin coating or in dip coating.

[0016] Moreover, because of the small size of the filler, faithfully detailed replicas of embossed, cast or injection molded shapes may also be produced by pouring the starting mixture into a mold and then performing pyrolysis. In addition to the fidelity in detail, these replicas also have a high surface quality, allowing details having dimensions of less than 1 μm to be molded.

[0017] The ceramic composite material according to the present invention also has the advantage that due to the use of highly dispersed insulating fillers, on the one hand the electric resistance of the composite material is increased significantly while on the other hand it is possible to significantly improve the long-term stability of this electric resistance. In addition, due to the improved homogeneity and stability of the thermal and electrical properties of the resulting composite material, its reliability is also increased.

[0018] Finally, it is an advantage of the ceramic composite material according to the present invention that it permits high degrees of filling and short pyrolysis times, and the flow properties of the polymer precursor materials used may be regulated very well through the addition of suitably selected fillers. Thus, in particular, suspensions of starting mixtures that remain stable and processable over long periods of time are also producible.

[0019] Advantageous refinements of the present invention are derived from the measures characterized in the subclaims.

[0020] It is particularly advantageous if the polymer precursor material is an oxygen-containing polysiloxane precursor or a polysilazane precursor that is stable in air, because these materials allow processing in air and thus allow the production of particularly inexpensive composite materials. In addition, the resulting pyrolysis product is chemically very stable with regard to oxidation and corrosion and at the same time is unobjectionable from a health standpoint.

[0021] It is also advantageous that in addition to the nanoscale fillers used having an average particle size of less 200 nm, other fillers such as a powdered aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) having a larger particle size of 500 nm to 10 μm, for example, in particular 500 nm to 3 μm, may also be used at the same time. This possibility broadens the spectrum of achievable electrical and physical properties and thus broadens the spectrum of applications of the resulting composite materials. In particular, it has been observed in this case that the electric resistance of the resulting ceramic composite material increases by several orders of magnitude at room temperature and also at temperatures greater than 1200° C. It has also been found that when conventional microscale aluminum oxide fillers are replaced largely or completely by nanoscale silicon dioxide, in particular amorphous silicon dioxide or corresponding highly dispersed silicic acid, in particular pyrogenic silicic acid, the long-term stability of the mechanical and electrical properties of the ceramic composite material ultimately obtained are improved significantly at temperatures above 1200° C. At the same time, an increase in the allowed heating rates in pyrolysis and a shortening of the time required for shaping by compression molding are thereby achieved.

[0022] With regard to the highest possible specific electric resistance of the composite material, it has been found to be especially advantageous if, in addition to the polymer precursor material and instead of or in addition to a conventional, microscale aluminum oxide filler, the starting mixture also contains nanoscale silicon dioxide, in particular amorphous silicon dioxide, nanoscale silicon dioxide provided having a carbonaceous and/or hydrophilic surface modification, pyrogenic silicic acid or silicic acid provided with a carbonaceous and/or hydrophilic surface modification to which is preferably also added a boron compound in the amount of 10 wt % to 30 wt %, in particular a boron oxide such as B₂O₃.

[0023] In this connection, it has also surprisingly been observed that the specific electric resistance of the resulting composite material depends not only on the particle size of the filler but also on the BET surface area of the filler, so the resistance is adjustable especially easily and to unexpectedly high values in this way. The surface properties of the filler used are additional variables which have a surprising effect on the resulting specific electric resistance of the composite material, in particular in conjunction with a change in the BET surface area. Thus, the transition from a hydrophobic surface to a hydrophilic surface of the filler particles in particular results in an increase in the specific electric resistance obtained.

[0024] Especially high values for the specific electric resistance are also achieved in particular when the filler, in particular SiO₂ or silicic acid, is used in an amount of at least 9 vol % in the starting mixture, whereby at the same time another filler such as Al₂O₃ which is optionally also used in the starting mixture should be present in an amount of less than 7 vol %, in particular less than 3 vol %.

[0025] Due to the small particle size of the filler used, a definite improvement in the surface quality of coatings produced with this ceramic composite material is also achievable because the starting mixture applied before pyrolysis to the surface of a substrate to be coated then penetrates into all the surface defects and irregularities in this substrate, thereby increasing adhesion of the coating as well as equalizing irregularities and defects in the substrate-layer interface.

[0026] If reactive nanoscale fillers are used, at least approximately complete conversion of these fillers with the surrounding matrix in pyrolysis is often advantageously achieved in the ceramic composite material. For example, this results in a definite shortening of pyrolysis cycles. Furthermore, chemical reaction of the nanoscale filler with the polymer precursor material also proceeds much more rapidly in comparison with microscale fillers.

[0027] Finally, the ceramic composite material has the advantage that by adding a suitable stabilizer to the starting mixture, production of a stable suspension of the polymer precursor material with the filler in an organic solvent, for example, is possible. In particular, the stability of such a suspension with respect to sedimentation increases significantly in comparison with similar starting mixtures having microscale fillers, so that coating methods performed with such suspensions by dip coating or spin coating are greatly facilitated. Furthermore, the nanoscale filler used here is also advantageously suitable as a dispersant for a microscale filler used concurrently.

DRAWINGS

[0028] The present invention is explained in greater detail on the basis of the drawing and the following description. FIG. 1 shows specific electric resistance R of the composite ceramic as a function of the BET surface area of highly dispersed silicic acid having a hydrophobic surface as the filler or highly dispersed silicic acid having a hydrophilic surface as the filler.

EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0029] Initially placed in a milling pot are 64.4 g powdered polymethylsiloxane, 0.6 g of a catalyst and 35.6 g nanoscale silicon dioxide powder, in particular amorphous silicon dioxide powder or highly dispersed nanoscale pyrogenic silicic acid having a BET surface area of 140 m²/g (also referred to as highly dispersed silicic acid) on 1000 g iron milling balls. This corresponds to a degree of filling of 20 vol % silicon dioxide or silicic acid, based on the starting mixture of the polymer precursor material polymethylsiloxane and SiO₂ as the filler. The filler silicon dioxide or the starting pyrogenic silicic acid also has an average particle size of less 200 nm. In particular, the powder particles in the example illustrated here are primary particles having an average particle size of 5 nm to 80 nm or aggregates of such primary particles, but the average particle size of the aggregates amounts to less than 200 nm. An SiO₂ powder or a corresponding highly dispersed silicic acid is preferably used as the nanoscale filler which contains the powder particles essentially as primary particles having an average particle size of 5 nm to 30 nm.

[0030] The added catalyst has the function of initiating or accelerating the crosslinking of the polymer precursor material in compression molding or other suitable shaping operations. For example, catalysts such as aluminum acetylacetonate or zirconium acetylacetonate are suitable for this purpose. In addition, it is also possible to provide a catalytically active surface on the nanoscale filler itself, so the filler is also able to assume the role of or replace the catalyst or to additionally act as an alternative to the catalyst.

[0031] After a milling time of a few minutes for the starting mixture, the resulting powder mixture having the precursor material and the filler is separated from the iron balls and screened through a 150 μm screen. Then the screened powder mixture is poured into a mold, where molding is performed at a pressure of 100 MPa to 200 MPa. Then the molded powder mixture is crosslinked at a compression molding temperature of 160° C. to 200° C. and a pressure of 3 MPa to 6 MPa. Then the resulting molded body or the molded starting mixture is pyrolyzed in an argon atmosphere at a temperature of 1050° C. to 1350° C., preferably approx. 1300° C., resulting in the desired ceramic composite body.

[0032] The following table shows comparative experiments between a ceramic composite material having an aluminum oxide filler having an average particle size of approx. 1 μm and a specific electric resistance of approx. 10¹⁵ Ωcm and a comparable ceramic composite material in which, however, the microscale aluminum oxide powder has been replaced by nanoscale silicon dioxides having an average particle size of less than 200 nm, a specific electric resistance of approx. 10⁹ Ωcm and a BET surface area of approx. 140 m²/g. The starting mixture of the composite materials according to the following table also contains molybdenum disilicide powder and silicon carbide powder as fillers in addition to the polymer precursor material polysiloxane. However, these fillers have been kept constant with regard to particle size and amount. TABLE 1 Specific electric Polysiloxane SiC MoSi₂ Al₂O₃ SiO₂ resistance R (vol %) (vol %) (vol %) (vol %) (vol %) (Ωcm) 65% 8% 13% 14% 0% <10³ 60% 8% 13% 9% 10% <10³ 57% 8% 13% 5% 17% approx. 10³ 65% 8% 13% 0% 14% >10⁵

[0033] The increased specific electric resistances R achieved according to the preceding table by using nanoscale pyrogenic silicic acid or SiO₂ particles remain largely stable even after prolonged storage times at a temperature of 1300° C., and in any case are significantly higher than the value observed in corresponding composite materials which do not contain nanoscale filler. However, mixtures in which SiO₂ or silicic acid has been added in the form of powders having an average particle size of more than 1 μm have a high porosity, a low electric resistance and an inadequate high-temperature stability.

[0034] A second embodiment begins with the same starting mixture, which has already been described in the first embodiment. However, the open porosity of the resulting ceramic composite material is adjusted by varying the pyrolysis time and the final temperature in pyrolysis. It is possible in this way to obtain an open porosity amounting to between approx. 1% and more than 30% by using the same starting mixture composition, i.e., using polysiloxane as the polymer precursor material and adding nanoscale SiO₂, simply by varying the pyrolysis time and the final temperature in pyrolysis. This is illustrated on the basis of the following table. TABLE 2 Pyrolysis Final Relative Relative Open time temperature weight loss shrinkage porosity 22.5 h 1100° C. 25.5% 14.8% 30% 34.0 h 1100° C. 24.4% 14.2% 30% 37.3 h 1300° C. 24.8% 18.1% 13% 60.0 h 1300° C. 25.3% 20.1% 5% 102.5 h  1300° C. 24.8% 20.3% <1%

[0035] In addition to dry milling of the powder mixture of the precursor material and filler in a ball mill as described here, a conventional wet processing is another suitable method of producing the starting mixture described above. In this case, the polymer precursor material, e.g., polysiloxane, is first dissolved in acetone with the catalyst to homogenize the filler used and then the nanoscale filler is incorporated into this mixture. Next, this suspension is mixed for two hours using a magnetic stirrer and finally is vacuum dried. In this procedure the starting mixture is not heated, so there is no thermal crosslinking of the polymer precursor material before compression molding or shaping.

[0036] Another possibility of incorporating the nanoscale filler into the precursor material is mixing the precursor material and the filler in a mixer, preferably a heated mixer, then kneading the resulting granulated mass. As in dry milling, no additional solvent is necessary.

[0037] In all the methods of producing the starting mixture presented here, it is also advantageous that by using a vibrating screen, the resulting or used powder or powder mixtures are first freed of uncrushed, i.e., unmilled, agglomerates before pyrolysis or before a molding step. The mesh of this screen is preferably 150 μm.

[0038] In addition to the compression molding mentioned above, injection molding is another method of shaping the starting mixture before pyrolysis.

[0039] Moreover, pyrolysis of the prepared starting mixture to form the ceramic composite material preferably is performed in an inert gas atmosphere, with final temperatures of 600° C. to 1400° C. being used, depending on the precursor material and the filler.

[0040] After pyrolysis, a ceramic composite material is obtained in which the filler either forms at least partially nanoscale inclusions in a matrix formed essentially by the polymer precursor material or in which the filler has reacted with the matrix material in a manner such that little or no differentiation between the filler and matrix is possible due to diffusion processes. In this case, a largely homogeneous ceramic composite material in which the filler has reacted with gases released during pyrolysis, for example, is formed from the starting mixture with the filler in pyrolysis.

[0041] On the other hand, the filler first used in the starting mixture may also undergo thermal decomposition in pyrolysis and/or it may react with the precursor material so that, for example, nanoscale pores formed in the matrix are at least partially attributable to pyrolysis of the filler in the matrix. The average resulting pore size amounts to less than 200 nm, in particular 5 nm to 100 nm, depending on the average particle size of the filler used.

[0042] In addition to the silicon dioxide mentioned in the preceding exemplary embodiments, other oxides, nitrides or carbides of silicon, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, boron, tungsten, vanadium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum or molybdenum or a mixture thereof, e.g., in the form of oxycarbides, oxynitrides, carbonitrides or oxycarbonitrides may also be considered as nanoscale fillers in the same manner.

[0043] In addition, the nanoscale filler used may also be a metallic powdered filler and/or a filler containing gold, palladium, platinum, rhodium or iridium, e.g., in the form of a sol with nanoscale colloids contained therein or a suspension containing this metallic filler.

[0044] If the nanoscale filler used at first is to be at least mostly decomposed in pyrolysis to form pores in the composite material, an organic filler such as nanoscale carbon particles or nanoscale carbon black or nanoscale organic polymers is especially suitable as the filler. Depending on the amount of the filler, the pyrolysis temperature and the duration of pyrolysis, the open porosity of the ceramic composite material ultimately obtained with these fillers may typically be adjusted to levels between 1% and 50%, the pyrolysis preferably being followed by aging in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, which allows the carbon to burn-off as thoroughly as possible.

[0045] Suitable polymer precursor materials within the scope of the present invention include a variety of known precursor materials such as organosilicon polymer compound, in particular polysiloxanes, polysilanes, polycarbosilanes or polysilazanes, organozirconium polymer compounds, organoaluminum polymer compounds, organotitanium polymer compounds, boron-containing polymer precursor materials or mixtures or intermediates of these precursor materials.

[0046] In addition, a stabilizer and a solvent, e.g., an organic solvent such as acetone or an alcohol or even water may also be added to the starting mixture, depending on the individual case. In any case, the amount of nanoscale filler in the starting mixture should be between 2 vol % and 50 vol %.

[0047] In summary, it is indicated by the exemplary embodiments given above that with processing properties otherwise being the same, the specific electric resistance of the resulting ceramic composite material is increased by several orders of magnitude at both room temperature and temperatures >1200° C. when a conventional coarse filler such as Al₂O₃ is replaced at least largely or completely by nanodisperse, in particular amorphous silicon dioxide (also referred to as standard SiO₂) or highly disperse, in particular pyrogenic silicic acid (HDS).

[0048] At the same time, use of the filler makes it possible to adapt the coefficient of thermal expansion of a conductive ceramic composite material, for example, to that of an adjacent nonconducting ceramic composite material bonded to it through the comparatively low coefficient of thermal expansion of silicon dioxide.

[0049] On the other hand, if only a small amount of nanodispersed SiO₂ is added to the composite material with the goal of adjusting the coefficient of thermal expansion and increasing the specific electric resistance of the composite material, and if also working with a large amount of comparatively coarse Al₂O₃, i.e., an amount of more than 7 vol %, in many cases even just more than 3 vol %, then as a rule no significant desired increase in the specific electric resistance is observed.

[0050] It has also been found that the use of a microscale additional filler such as Al₂O₃ together with the nanoscale filler has a positive effect on a desired surface vitrification of the ceramic composite material which is to be used as a ceramic heater, for example, which results in an improved high-temperature stability in particular. This is true in particular when the amount of nanoscale filler is greater than 9 vol %, in particular significantly greater than 10 vol %.

[0051] In another exemplary embodiment, as an additional parameter, the BET surface area of the filler used, which in the present example is highly dispersed silicic acid (HDS) or powdered, in particular amorphous SiO₂, is altered with otherwise the same composition of the starting mixture according to Table 1. As part of these experiments, it has also been observed that the properties of the surface of the nanoscale filler used have a considerable effect on the specific electric resistance ultimately achieved of the composite material.

[0052] In particular, in the case of a high BET surface area of the filler used, a definitely increased specific electric resistance and thus a very good insulating ceramic composite material are obtained when at the same time the amount of another microscale filler such as Al₂O₃ in the starting mixture is greater than 2%.

[0053] On the other hand, it is also possible through the targeted adjustment of the BET surface area of the filler in the starting mixture to largely or completely replace the microscale filler Al₂O₃ which would otherwise be conventional in the starting mixture by highly dispersed nanoscale, in particular amorphous SiO₂ or highly dispersed silicic acid without causing a relevant reduction in the specific electric resistance of the resulting ceramic composite material.

[0054] The core of the exemplary embodiments described below is therefore the differentiated use of, for example, highly dispersed silicic acids, i.e., nanoscale, in particular amorphous, SiO₂ powder particles having various BET surface areas and various surface modifications as fillers to thereby influence in a controlled manner the electric properties of the ceramic composite material produced by pyrolysis.

[0055] In concrete terms, it has been found that by using highly dispersed silicic acid (HDS), i.e., corresponding nanoscale, in particular amorphous, SiO₂ powder particles having a BET surface area of at least 50 m²/g, in particular 90 m²/g, up to 450 m²/g with otherwise the same composition of the starting mixture, the specific electric resistance of the composite material may be increased significantly. The increase in specific resistance is even greater due to the fact that at the same BET surface area, instead of a highly dispersed silicic acid having a hydrophobicized surface, i.e., a pyrogenic nanoscale silicic acid, for example, a highly dispersed silicic acid without surface hydrophobicization or with a hydrophilic surface is used.

[0056] On the whole, two additional parameters are available in the form of the BET surface area and the properties of the surface of the filler (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) to allow the mechanical properties of the composite material, such as the coefficient of thermal expansion or the surface vitrification properties, to be adjusted to the respective individual case in a wide range, in addition to adjusting the specific electric resistance. In addition, varying the BET surface area of the nanoscale filler also influences the pyrolysis rate, sintering properties, porosity and viscosity of the starting mixture and the resulting composite material.

[0057] Against this background and in a continuation of the exemplary embodiments already presented according to Table 1, FIG. 1 illustrates a starting mixture containing 60 vol % polysiloxane, 10 vol % silicon carbide, 13 vol % molybdenum disilicide and 17 vol % SiO₂ particles or highly dispersed silicic acid having an average particle size of less than 200 nm as nanoscale filler. Then as already explained, a ceramic composite material was produced from this starting mixture, and the specific electric resistance R (Ωcm) was determined on this as a function of the BET surface area (m²/g) of the nanoscale filler used.

[0058] The circular measurement points in FIG. 1 first show measurements using a nanoscale, highly dispersed silicic acid having the BET surface area indicated, where the powder particles have a hydrophobic surface area which is obtained by a carbonaceous surface modification (pyrolysis). The squares at a corresponding particle size or particle size distribution of the powder particles indicate measurement points obtained by using highly dispersed silicic acid of the stated BET surface area having a hydrophilic surface.

[0059] It may be seen here that the increase in specific electric resistance R as a function of the BET surface area turns out to be greater when using hydrophilic highly dispersed silicic acid than when using hydrophobic highly dispersed silicic acid. Furthermore, it may be seen here that the BET surface area of the nanoscale filler has a significant influence on resulting specific electric resistance R of the composite material. It should be pointed out here that specific electric resistance R in FIG. 1 is shown on the y axis on a logarithmic scale.

[0060] Finally, in another embodiment, starting with a composition according to Table 1 having an Al₂O₃ content of 5 vol %, it has been observed that replacing the highly dispersed pyrogenic silicic acid used there having a BET surface area of 140 m²/g by a corresponding highly dispersed pyrogenic silicic acid having a BET surface area of 225 m²/g results in being able to reduce the amount of highly dispersed silicic acid in this starting mixture and through a correspondingly greater amount of Al₂O₃ having an average particle size of approx. 1 μm, polysiloxane and conductive molydenum disilicide, i.e., a starting mixture having 60 vol % polysiloxane, 8 vol % silicon carbide, 13 vol % molydenum disilicide, 6 vol % Al₂O₃ and 13 vol % SiO₂ (highly dispersed pyrogenic silicic acid) may be replaced, while nevertheless achieving a considerable increase in specific electric resistance R of the composite material from approx. 10³ Ωcm to more than 10⁴ Ωcm. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A ceramic composite material, in particular a ceramic molded body or a layer, obtained by pyrolysis of a starting mixture, containing at least one polymer precursor material and at least one filler, wherein the filler has an average particle size of less than 200 nm.
 2. The ceramic composite material according to claim 1, wherein it has a matrix containing nanoscale intercalations and/or pores, the filler forming at least partially the intercalations in the matrix after pyrolysis and/or the pores being formed in the matrix at least partially by pyrolysis of the filler.
 3. The ceramic composite material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the filler is or contains a powder having an average powder particle size of less than 200 nm, the powder particles being primary particles having an average particle size of 5 nm to 80 nm or aggregates of such primary particles.
 4. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the filler is or contains a material that decomposes thermally during pyrolysis and forms pores in the matrix to at least some extent, the average size of these pores being less than 200 nm, in particular 5 nm to 100 nm.
 5. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the filler is or contains an oxide, nitride, boride or carbide of silicon, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, boron, tungsten, vanadium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum or molybdenum, or it contains a mixture thereof in the form of oxycarbides, oxynitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbonitrides.
 6. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the filler is a metallic filler and/or a filler containing gold particles, palladium particles, platinum particles, rhodium particles or iridium particles.
 7. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the filler is an organic filler, in particular a filler containing nanoscale carbon particles.
 8. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the filler is or contains silicon dioxide, silicon dioxide having a carbonaceous and/or hydrophilic surface modification, pyrogenic silicic acid or silicic acid provided with a carbonaceous and/or hydrophilic surface modification.
 9. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the filler contains boron oxide, in particular B₂O₃ in an amount of 10 wt % to 30 wt %.
 10. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the open porosity of the composite material is between 1% and 50%.
 11. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer precursor material is an organosilicon polymer compound, in particular a polysiloxane, a polysilane, a polycarbosilane or a polysilazane, an organozirconium polymer compound, an organoaluminum polymer compound, an organotitanium polymer compound, a boron-containing polymer precursor material or a mixture or an intermediate compound precursor materials.
 12. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a stabilizer and/or a solvent has been added to the starting mixture.
 13. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the amount of filler in the starting mixture is between 2⁰ and 50⁰ by volume.
 14. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a catalyst material which initiates or accelerates crosslinking of the polymer precursor material before and/or during pyrolysis, in particular aluminum acetylacetonate or zirconium acetylacetonate, has been added to the starting mixture.
 15. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the filler has a BET surface area of at least 50 m²/g, in particular 90 m²/g to 450 m²/g.
 16. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein in addition to the filler having an average particle size of less 200 nm, a second filler, in particular an aluminum compound such as Al₂O₃ having an average particle size of 500 nm to 3 μm, has been added to the starting mixture.
 17. The ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the filler has been added to the starting mixture in a proportion of at least 9 vol % and/or the second filler has been added in a proportion of less than 7 vol %, in particular less than 3 vol %.
 18. Use of a ceramic composite material according to one of the preceding claims for producing fibers, lightweight structural materials, filters, catalyst support materials, ceramic sheathed-element glow plugs, metal-containing reactive composite materials, porous protective shells for sensors, ceramic or partially ceramic coatings or microstructured ceramic components. 